Home Energy Management System

radix Energy Management System1) INTRODUCTIONNetwork of electricity that intelligently integrates with make use ofrs actions connected to network for sustain adapted, scotchal and secure supply is called languish power system 1. ache football field is called smart due to fast communication and networking capabilities. Smart grid has an important role in brawn structure adjustment, coping with climate changes and economic development 2.Since 1982 slide fastener direct during heyday hour is change magnitude 25% approximately every year 3. New intelligent devices must be use to fulfill depicted object requirements. In order to add light new technologies are to be developed. Electric intelligence is only requirement for operational cost and dynamism drug addiction reduction 4. These new technologies should be able to remove peak load and off load power difference, should be capable of making demand-supply curve smoother and should reduce environmental pollution. In sm art grid user plays a vital role in reducing and optimizing pushing consumption thus improving system efficiency. In smart grid emission of CO2 and household vigour consumption is reduced by 9% and 10% respectively 5In order to improve electricity consumption keeping in view of consumers need at that place should be an optimum resolving. contrasting optimization techniques can be used for energy commission. Different technologies like home area networks, home mechanisation, onward motiond metering infrastructure and bidirectional communication are introduced by smart grid during past few eld 6. Now a days Zigbee and sensor networks not only monitors the quality of power but use powerful strategy for communication and distribution and barter locally generated energy back to grid 7 8.Demand Side Management (DSM) system is important utilization efficiency parameters which have been ignored due to colonial dynamics of consumption, random behavior of consumers and lack of commu tation technology. The advancement in communication technology has revolutionized the power sector and introduced a concept of new modernise electrical system called as Smart grid 9 .The concept of demand side attention was first introduced in late 1970s which reduces GHG, provides reliable energy reducing the electricity cost 10. Traditional grids consists of DSM but do not provide such type of reliability to users due lack of sensors and inefficient automation and communication. But smart grid is more efficient due introduction of low cost sensors, smart meters and integration of ICT 11. Challenges faced by smart grid is shown infraInteroperability is said to satisfy if multiple communication network coexist in smart grid. Sca science lability means increasing number of hardwares in proportion to others but due to increase in demand this become a major issue can be solved by apply sensing networks. Smart grid holds different communities and societies which become an issue in o rder to resolve it integration of power system is required which is d atomic number 53 with actuation, certificate and communication networks. Security is main issue in smart grid because a hacker can interrupt the selective in work onation of smart grid and intimately access to smart meters so this issue can be resolve by modernization the security and by data hiding 12.The smart grid consists of HEMS that enable demand response and demand side management. On the basis of power supply demand response is responsible for altering and managing the energy and demand side management (DSM) controls the planning, techniques and implementation of policies 13. There are two major turning aways of HEMS one is communication and 2nd one is optimization 14.Home energy management systems consist of three basic meshal blocks 15HEMS softwareHome energy management center(HEMC)Load scheduler.HEMC provides customers users fri finisly pictorial representation which not only provides assistance to c ustomers but also give them control over various loads using load scheduler.HEMC software uses lab view developer tool that provides necessary information to customers using Zigbee protocol. It has two main sectors a) home tab b) data tab.The information load control, line control and on/off control is provided by home tab on/off control use in switching sequence and its major application is that it is used to detect any abnormality in hardware. The data logging of current and voltage with in time is represented by data tab.Load scheduler considers the roll up of single knapsack known as multiple knapsacks due to which customers become aware of peak load at specific time and interval of occurrence. A load scheduler not only determines the critical and non-critical loads but also time dependent loads. In emergency conditions it also controls various loads. This also stores data of electricity consumption 24/7.Energy management is an organized and systematic coordination of procureme nt, conversion, distribution and use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into account environmental and economic objectives 16. Energy management systems are computer aided tools that are used by operators of utility grid for controlling, monitoring and optimizing the generation and transmission system performance.In efficient energy consumption the participation of end user is as much important as the supplier. In modern power supply systems end users are provided with RT-feedback (real-time feedback) via different website portals, in-home displays (IHD), or some other feedback viewer device like mobile etc. 17. Provision of feedback to end user will actuate them to alter their energy usage to minimize the electricity bills.In present smart grid system end users are embraced for shifting their energy usage on peak to off peak hours regardless of their comfort and life style 17. All over the world major portion of energy is consumed by residential users, so they can play an important role for energy optimization. Research shows that energy consumption is minimized by 12% by installing energy consumption information system and displays energy consumption of whole unit 18.Due to advancement in technology the industries has become advance due to which energy demand increases which results in load shedding and blackouts and use of fossil fuel is increases which will finish soon. Now world is going toward non-conventional energy resources like solar and photovoltaic cells but in order to provide information regarding to electricity to customers the smart hems use analogue and digital systems which is an efficient methodology.Home energy management systems play a fantastic role in distribution of energy via conventional grid and homes optimistically.With increasing demand of energy the communication in wired as well as in wireless medium is increased. Internet connection and intranet connection is ingests low cost smart homes. Zigbee is one of the devices that uses for communication between smart homes and smart grid.Zigbee alliance introduced Zigbee standard protocol establish on IEEE 802.15.4 standard sterilize by IEEE and new standard citizens committee (NESCOM) for low rates wireless personal area network 15. Zigbee consists of four layers.ZigbeeZigbee alliance platform IEEE 802.15.4There is a great difference between energy production and consumption, low production cause deficiency of electricity supply. World energy production pie chart is shown asThere are many optimization techniques that are used for optimization one of which is knapsack. In knapsack there are many algorithms used for obtaining the best optimized result. In this paper we will make comparative study of some algorithms of knapsack and we will find the best solution obtained from these algorithms.Comparison of different home energy management schemesOptimization based residential energy managementIt is the linear programming model basic conception of this m odel is minimization of electricity cost at residential areas 1. In this scheme a day of 24 hours is divided into equal time slots having equal lengths consists of various equipment casualtys of electricity like time of use (TOU) tariffs. The objective function shows that with proper scheduling we can reduce the energy expenses by division of home appliances in time slots. Objective function is defined asEI DI Ut StWhere I define number of appliances, E defines energy consumption of appliance, J number of days, DI length of cycle of appliance, K number of requests, Ut unit price for slot t and T number of time slots.IN home energy management (iHEM)This scheme use smart appliances like energy management unit (EMU) and wireless sensor home area network (WSHANs) for communication purposes between appliances (IHEMS). It also uses (Zigbee) protocol, wireless sensor networks and cluster tree topology. In this scheme customer may turn on appliance at any moment without being worried about peak hours. In home energy management (iHEM) gives suitable time to customer for appliance use. How iHEM works a request package is sent by appliance to EMU at the start, on receiving the packet EMU communicates with computer memory system in order to know available energy. Energy management unit (EMU) than communicates with smart meter for current prices. The storage unit send available reply containing information about storage energy when EMU receives packet, it schedules the suitable start time according to iHEM algorithm. It also reduces the coke emission and energy consumption cost.2) KNAPSACKThe single knapsack is a bother of combinatorial optimization having objects, values and weights packed into knapsack of specific capacity such that value of object is maximized 19 .The multiple knapsack is generalization of single knapsack problem it is resource allocation problem consists of M resources and set of N objects 19- 20. back pack problem is basically an items set that h ave different weights and values. Our choice of item must be in such a way that it should be maximum among the weights of given items.Knapsack allows community to use energy efficiently in order to achieve their goals. It not only minimizes the customer bills but force them to use their heavy appliances other than peak hours. It is estimated that energy demands overall around the world increasing 25 percent per year so its great quarrel for us to fulfill the demand 21. In order to overcome the increasing demand of energy we need to optimize energy usage. Knapsack is one of the optimization technique used for optimizing a problem.2.1) Types of Knapsack There are different types of knapsack which are as 1) 0-1Knapsack problem. 2) Bounded Knapsack problem. 3) absolute Knapsack problem.2.1.1) 0-1 Knapsack problem (binary Knapsack) In such case the item is either taken or not taken (accepted / rejected) there are no other possibilities. mull a set of n items having different weights a nd values say wi and vi, xi is the number of copies of item of set n. In mathematical formMaximize ixiSubject to i xi W Here Xi 0, 12.1.2) Bounded Knapsack Problem In bounded knapsack problem restriction on xi is removed i.e. xi is an integer value in BKP. In BKP restriction is applied on copies of each item of set n to some integer value say ci. MathematicallyMaximize ixiSubject to i xi WHere xi 0, 1 ci2.1.3) Unbounded Knapsack Problem In unbounded knapsack problem no restriction is applied on xi. MathematicallyMaximize ixiSubject to i xi WHere xi 0.2.2) Algorithms for Knapsack There are many algorithms for solving 0-1 knapsack problems which are as 222.2.1) Brute Force It is a straight forward approach path based on statement of problem and concepts definition. If there are n items that can be chosen from a set of given items then(prenominal) there will be 2n possible combination of items for knapsack. There is a bit string of 0s and 1s, if the string is 1 of an item then it is chosen if 0 then not chosen.2.2.2) Dynamic Programming It is a technique in which a complex problem is divided into smaller hero sandwich problems. These sub-problems are then solved and are recorded in table. Thus table obtain is utilize to solve original problem.The complexity of this algorithm is O (NlogN).2.2.3) Greedy Algorithm This algorithm requires some common sense and problem solving experience for solving problem. Its a decision making make for which may have following steps1) Choosing such item that has maximum value in knapsack.2) Choose item with less weight.3) Choose item with lavishly value to weight ratio.2.2.4) Genetic Algorithm It is an algorithm used to search best solution among different possible solution of a problem. It begins with a solution set and each set is called population. A new population is made from old population by selecting them according to certain specified fitness level.3) utensil Usage Control In 23 consumption of electricity is no t always rational it also depends on human psychology factors. Different people use different appliances at different time slots. Now if we consider some appliances we can classify them into following categories1) Must Run Appliances Appliances whose time slot cannot be changed and they must run comes in this category.2) Fixed Run Appliances Appliances that run only once a day at specific time.3) Flexible Appliances Appliances that can be run at any time in a day they dont have fixed time.Some of the household devices are shown belowOven LampRefrigerator FanConsidering human psychology factor the use of appliances can be categorize as1) Emergency Use Appliances that use in some block out of emergency.2) Welfare Appliances that use for welfare3) Enjoyment Appliances that use for enjoyment purpose.Taking an example of personnel computer that is used by student for his working purpose or for emergency while an adult use it for enjoyment purpose.In order to make decision on which appli ance should be used during peak hour follows analytic hierarchy process.Bibliography