Aaron Beam and the Health South Fraud Essay

In reference to the Aaron Beam and the HealthSouth Fraud case in our text Velasquez (2012), the following questions from the text and my answers to these questions are provided as requested. 1. Which of the â€Å"obstacles to moral behavior do you see at work in Aaron Beam’s behavior and thinking? In Scrushy’s? The obstacles I see in Aaron Beam’s behavior are â€Å"Rationalizing Our Actions and Displacement of Responsibility†. Rationalizing his actions is supported by comments he made in reference to the actions he had or was about to take in supporting his employer. Aaron Beam stated in Velasquez (2012), â€Å"He described the move to himself as aggressive accounting but definitely not fraudulent† (p 68). In the continual cooking of the books, each time Beam was press or directed by Scrushy to do so. Aaron Beam possibly considers that to be his get out of jail free card, by pointing the finger back at his employer, as displacement of his responsib ility. We see clearly what he was thinking in Velasquez (2012), as he â€Å"felt it was technically within the bounds of accounting rules and investors would be sophisticated enough to understand what was happening† (page 68). This would relate to â€Å"Biased Theories about Others†, as he believed this group of investors was sophisticated. You cannot help but think he also felt secretly an investor(s) would question their actions and bring them to account for their actions considering the situation he was in with his employer. The obstacles I see in Richard Scrushy’s behavior are â€Å"Disregarding or Distorting Harm, Euphemistic Labeling, and Rationalizing Our Actions†. In reference to â€Å"Disregarding or Distorting Harm† based on the belief he was doing a good thing by providing rehabilitation therapy to patients at lower costs than regular hospitals, one could surmise he found doing whatever it takes to succeed he would do, all on the backs of his em ployees, of which as CEO he could discredit at will. We could also, along these lines consider â€Å"Euphemistic Labeling† as he was not above lying as interpreted by the various financial reports produced to make the company look more profitable under the veil of only business. He himself would feel pressure in 1996 as they could not meet second quarter projections. He would once again ask Aaron Beam to cook the books, or the company would face financial ruin. Scrushy rationalizes this away by saying in Velasquez, (2012), â€Å"If they could just get through the quarter, then everything would be okay† (p 69). We see clearly what he was thinking as up until now he felt everything was going his way; just one more time let the dice roll. This would relate to â€Å"Biased Theories about Oneself†, as he is very confident in his abilities, so what random event could he not control, after all he was the third highest paid CEO in the America; he had to be doing it right. 2. Explain how Aaron Beam might have used the â€Å"loyal agent’s argument† to defend his actions. Do you think that Aaron Beam’s situation the â€Å"loyal agent’s argument† might have been valid? Explain. Under the â€Å"loyal agent’s argume nt† Aaron Beam’s defense would be that Scrushy had ordered him to manipulate the accounting records or more specifically the general ledgers. He was seen as reluctant to comply, but was pressured by Scrushy and a bit intimidated by him to the point at times of fear. I do not believe Aaron Beam could have actually used the â€Å"loyal agent’s argument†. The information shows Scrushy and Beam knew as stated in Velasquez (2012), â€Å"From the beginning Scrushy and Beam both knew the company had to appear profitable to satisfy investors and lenders and to later succeed in issuing and selling company stock to the public† (page 68). Therefore, Beam had to know Scrushy would be asking or ordering him to make it happen. Based on Beam’s reluctances, it could be argued he knew this to be wrong but did it anyway. 3. In terms of Kohlberg’s views on moral development, at what stage of moral development would you place Aaron Beam? Explain. At what stage would you place Richard Scrushy? In terms of Kohlberg’s views I believe Aaron Beam’s moral development would be a Level Two Stage Three. My rational for this is he knows right and wrong both conventionally and what the law says. He exhibits this by his initial reluctance to support Scruchy’s decision to manipulate the general ledgers. He also is in awe of Scruchy, and appears to want to please him as a person in authority, and shows his loyalty to after all Scruchy picked Beam to start the company with. In terms of Kohlberg’s views I believe Richard Scruchy’s moral development would be a Level One Stage Two. My rational for this is it is all about him; he is self-centered and looks at things only from his own point of view. To support this we only have to look at his life style, he has been married three times, lives extravagantly, while charitable it appears he threw money around for self-recognition. The pleasures he gains by all of this gives him reason to assume he is right in his own mind. To support this further his own employees describe him as a dictator, cult-like figure, and a great motivator. This would indicate he was resourceful in getting what he wanted by any means necessary, much like a spoiled child. Reference Velasquez, M. G. (2012). Business ethics, concepts and cases. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Chapter Outline Chapter 2

Chapter Outline Chapter 2 I. Developmental theories and the issues they raise A. The Importance of Theories 1. Guides the collection of new information a. what is most important to study b. what can be hypothesized or predicted c. how it should be studied B. Qualities of a Good Theory 1. Internally consistent– its different parts are not contradictory 2. Falsifiable– generates testable hypotheses 3. Supported by data– describes, predicts, and explains human development C. Four Major Theories (psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive developmental, contextual/systems) D. Nature/Nurture 1. Nature– genetic/biological predisposition . Nurture– emphasis on experience/environmental impact E Goodness/Badness of Human Nature 1. Hobbes– children are selfish and bad and society must teach them to behave in a civilized way 2. Rousseau– children are innately good and society must not interfere with innate goodness 3. Locke– child born neither go od nor bad, but like a tabula rasa or â€Å"blank slate† F. Activity and Passivity 1. Activity– control over one’s development 2. Passive– product of forces beyond one’s control (environmental or biological) G. Continuity/Discontinuity 1. Continuity– gradual change (small steps) 2.Discontinuity– abrupt change 3. Qualitative or quantitative change a. qualitative– changes in a degree b. quantitative– change in kind c. developmental stages part of discontinuity approach H. Universality/Context-Specificity 1. Universality– developmental change common to everyone 2. Context-specific– developmental changes vary by individual/culture II. Freud: Psychoanalytic theory A. Sigmund Freud: Viennese Physician and Founder of Psychoanalytic Theory 1. Emphasis on motive and emotions of which we are unaware 2.. Theory less influential than in the past B. Instincts and Unconscious Motives 1.Instincts– inborn biological forces that motivate behavior 2. Unconscious motivation– instinctive and inner force influences beyond our awareness/control 3. Emphasis on nature (biological instincts) C. Id, Ego, and Superego 1. Id a. all psychic energy contained here b. basic biological urges c. impulsive d. seeks immediate gratification 2. Ego a. rational side of personality b. ability to postpone pleasure 3. Superego a. internalized moral standards b. perfection principle (adhere to moral standards) 4. Id, ego and superego conflict common/inevitable 5. Problems arise when level of psychic energy unevenly distributed D.Psychosexual Development 1. Importance of libido– sex instinct’s energy shifts body locations 2. Five stages of psychosexual development a. oral stage b. anal stage c. phallic stage d. latency period e. genital stage 3. Conflict of id and social demands leads to ego’s defense mechanisms defense mechanisms– unconscious coping mechanisms of the ego i. fixationâ⠂¬â€œ Development arrested at early stage ii. regression– Retreat to earlier stage 4. Phallic stage– Oedipus and Electra complexes (incestuous desire) resolve by identifying with same-sex parent and incorporating parent’s values into the super ego 5.Genital stage– experienced during puberty a. conflict and distance from parents b. greater capacity to love and have children in adulthood c. teen pregnancy due to inability to manage sexual urges because of childhood experiences E. Strengths and Weaknesses 1. Difficult to test and ambiguous 2. Weak support for specific aspects of the theory (e. g. , sexual seduction by parents) 3. Greater support for broad ideas a. unconscious motivation b. importance of early experience, especially parenting III. Erikson: Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory A. Neo-Freudians– Important Disciples of Psychoanalytic Theory 1.Notable neo-Freudians: Jung, Horney, Sullivan, Anna Freud 2. Erikson is most important life span ne o-Freudian theorist 3. Erikson’s differences with Freud a. less emphasis on sexual and more on social influences b. less emphasis on id, more on rational ego c. more positive view of human nature d. more emphasis on developmental changes in adulthood B. Psychosocial Development 1. Resolution of eight major psychosocial crises a. trust versus mistrust– key is general responsiveness of caregiver b. autonomy versus shame– terrible twos c. initiative versus guilt– preschool sense of autonomy d. ndustry versus inferiority– elementary age sense of mastery e. identity versus role confusion– adolescence acquisition of identity f. intimacy versus isolation– young adult commitment g. generativity versus stagnation– middle age sense of having produced something meaningful h. integrity versus despair– elderly sense of life meaning and success 2. Personality strengths â€Å"ego virtues† developed during stages 3. Stage develop ment due to biological maturation and environmental demands 4. Teen pregnancy explained as due to weak ego or super ego (management of sexual urges rooted in early childhood) C.Strengths and Weaknesses 1. Its emphases on rational, adaptive nature and social influences easier to accept 2. Captures some central development issues 3. Influenced thinking about adolescence and beyond 4. Like Freud, vague and difficult to test 5. Provides description, but not adequate explanation of development IV. Learning theories A. Watson: Classical Conditioning 1. Emphasis on behavioral change in response to environmental stimuli 2. Behaviorism– belief that only observed behavior should be studied 3. Rejected psychoanalytic theory and explained Freud using learning principles 4.Conducted classical conditioning research with colleague Rosalie Rayner Watson and Rayner condition infant â€Å"Albert† to fear rat a. loud noise was unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus b. crying (fear) was uncon ditioned (unlearned) response c. white rat became conditioned (learned) stimulus producing conditioned response of crying after it was paired with loud noise 5. Classical conditioning involved when children learn to â€Å"love† caring parents 6. Reject stage conceptualization of development 7. Learning is learning B. Skinner: Operant Conditioning 1.In operant (instrumental) conditioning learning thought to become more or less probable depending on consequences 2. Reinforcement– consequences that strengthen a response (increase probability of future response) 3. Positive– something added a. positive reinforcement– something pleasant added in attempt to strengthen behavior b. positive reinforcement best when continuous 4. Negative– something removed a. negative reinforcement– something unpleasant taken in attempt to strengthen behavior 5. Punishment– consequences that suppress future response a. positive punishment– something unp leasant added in attempt to weaken behavior b. egative punishment– something pleasant taken in attempt to weaken behavior 6. Extinction– no consequence given and behavior becomes less frequent 7. Skinner emphasized positive reinforcement in child rearing 8. Physical punishment best used in specific circumstances like†¦ a. administered immediately following act b. administered consistently following offense c. not overly harsh d. accompanied by explanation e. administered by otherwise affectionate person f. combined with efforts to reinforcement acceptable behaviors 9. Too little emphasis on role of cognitive processes C.Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory 1. Humans’ cognitive abilities distinguish them from animals– can think about behavior and anticipate consequences 2. Observational learning (learning from models) most important mechanism for behavior change 3. Classic experiment using â€Å"Bobo† doll showed that children could learn from mode l 4. Vicarious reinforcement– learner changes behaviors based on consequences observed being given to a model 5. Human agency– ways in which humans deliberately exercise control over environments and lives self-efficacy– sense of one’s ability to control self or environment 6.Reciprocal determinism– mutual influence of individuals and social environments determines behavior 7. Doubt the existence of stages 8. View cognitive capacities as maturing over time 9. Learning experiences differentiate development of child of same age D. Strengths and Weaknesses of Learning Theory 1. Learning theories are precise and testable 2. Principles operate across the life span 3. Practical applications 4. Doesn't show that learning actually causes observed developmental changes 5. Oversimplifies development by focusing on experience and downplaying biological influences V. Cognitive developmental theoryA. Jean Piaget Swiss Scholar Greatly Influences Study of Intelle ctual Development in Children 1. Emphasizes errors in thinking (wrong answers) 2. Argues that cognitive development is qualitative in nature B. Piaget's Constructivism 1. Constructivism– active construction of knowledge based on experience 2. Stage progression due to interaction of biological maturation and environment C. Stages of Cognitive Development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operations) 1. Sensorimotor stage a. birth to age 2 b. deal with world directly through perceptions and actions . unable to use symbols 2. Preoperational stage a. ages 2 to 7 b. capacity for symbolic thought c. lack tools of logical thought d. cling to ideas they want to be true 3. Concrete operations stage a. ages 7 to 11 b. use trial-and-error strategy c. perform mental operations in their heads d. difficulty with abstract and hypothetical concepts 4. Formal operations stage a. ages 11 and later b. think abstractly and can formulate hypotheses c. can devise â€Å"g rand theories† about others D. Strengths and Weaknesses 1. Pioneer with long lasting impact 2. Many of Piaget’s concepts accepted (e. g. children active in own development) 3. Influential in education and child rearing practices 4. Too little emphasis on motivation and emotion 5. Questioning of stage model 6. Underestimated children’s cognitive skills VI. Contextual/Systems Theories A. Changes Over Life Span Arise from Ongoing Transactions and Mutual Influences Between Organism and Changing World No single end-point to development B. Vygotsky: A Sociocultural Perspective 1. Russian psychologist who took issue with Piaget 2. Sociocultural perspective– development shaped by organism growing in culture 3. Tools of a culture impact development . Cognitive development is social process 5. Children co-construct knowledge through social dialogues with others 6. Paid too little attention to biology C. Gottlieb: An Evolutionary/Epigenetic Systems View 1. Some conte xtual/systems theories have arisen from work by evolutionary biologists a. influenced by Darwin’s work b. genes aid in adapting to the environment 2. Ethology– study evolved behavior of species in natural environment a. birdsongs in the wild b. species-specific behavior of humans 3. Evolutionary/epigenetic systems perspective of Gottlieb a. evolution has endowed us with genes . predisposition to develop in certain direction genes do not dictate, make some outcomes more probable c. Gottleib’s emphases: i. activity of gene ii. activity of neuron iii. organism’s behavior iv. environmental influences d. interaction between genes and environmental factors e. instinctive behaviors may not be expressed if environmental conditions do not exist i. duckling vocalizations ii. baby rats seeking water f. normal development is combination of normal genes and normal early experience g. experience can influence genetic activity and change course of development i. ice che wing and impact on genes ii. lactose tolerance higher in cultures with dairy farming tradition h. difficult to predict outcome (multifactor influence) i. view people in continual flux and change is inevitable D. Strengths and Weaknesses 1. Complex like human development 2. Cannot predict outcome (wide range of paths) VII. Theories in Perspective A. Stage Theorists: Freud, Erikson, Piaget 1. Development guided in universal direction 2. Influenced by biological/maturational forces B. Learning Theorists: Watson, Skinner, Bandura 1. Emphasis on influence of environment 2.Deliberate steps taken by parents to shape development C. Contextual and Systems Theorists: Vygotsky, Gottleib 1. Focus on dynamic relationship between person and environment 2. Focus on impact of both biology and environment 3. Potential exists for qualitative and quantitative change 4. Developmental pathways depend on interplay of internal and external influences D. Changing World Views 1. Our understanding of human d evelopment is ever changing 2. Contextual/systems theories prevalent today 3. Less extreme, but more complex positions  © Copyright 2006 Thomson. All rights reserved.

Causes Of Success Of Renaissance And Western Europe

Name: Class Name: Professor Name: Date: Causes of the Success of Renaissance in Western Europe The Renaissance was that time that still acts as a transition of the world from being an underdeveloped place to a place of enlightenment and knowledge. The developments made during the Renaissance in political, cultural, social, artistic, and educational arenas laid the groundwork for modern day technological and social developments. World dynamics shifted very swiftly from the Middle Ages to the age of enlightenment. People started realizing the worth of developing intellectually which is why the whole of western Europe got influenced by this movement that gave a futuristic and modernistic outlook for years to come. It is human nature to keep advancing and this is one major reason the Renaissance was able to transform Europe. A strictly economic perspective makes humans want to advance on the basis of three factors-preferences, beliefs, and rationality (Robson 89). 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Persian Empire Expedition Greece ( 492 B.c ) - 1121 Words

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How Heredity Is The Passing Of Characteristics From One...

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Conference Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Conference Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication. Answer: Introduction: In a company, conflict is an inevitable matter. However, when the outcome of the conflict affects the interest of the company, resolution of the same becomes necessary. Negotiation is a popular process in this case. It intends to resolve the dispute between the parties amicably and helps to come into a fruitful conclusion (Hopmann, 2014). It is hard to point out any specific theoretical approach regarding the negotiation. However, from the mechanistic and implemented aspects, the process can be divided into certain theories such as game theory, bilateral theory and non-mathematical theory. A comparison in between any two of the theories can assist to analyse the differences of the theories critically regarding their applicability. These theories can be game theory and non-mathematical theory. In Game theory, the approach regarding the winners and losers are taken into consideration. Therefore, it can be stated that the main objective of the negotiation process are not maintained here properly. On the other hand, in case of non-mathematical theory, an amicable solution is to be taken so that both the parties can get beneficial solution. It has been observed that during the course of negotiation, objectives of the parties can be changed. However, in case of the Game theory such changes are not acceptable. On the contrary, non-mathematical approach accepts those changes to come into a fruitful solution (Swann Bosson, 2016). The Game theory oversimplifies the matter with an overview that all the parties are rational in nature. However, non-mathematical theory does not oversimplify the matter. It attempts to resolve the disputes by the help of the amicable contribution of each party. Positive impacts of negotiation: In case of a company, conflicts over decision can be occurred at any time. If the dispute has not been solved, it can harm the interest of the company and affect the future productivity of the company. Therefore, it is important to adopt certain strategies to resolve the dispute. Negotiation is one of the popular approaches regarding the same. The process has gained its popularity due to its firm and amicable base of solution (Fleck, Volkema Pereira, 2016). The process has certain positive impacts over the parties and able to resolve the dispute between two conflicting areas. Process of Negotiation is not only applicable regarding the employees, but on the customers also. In case of business promotion, it is important to catch the eye of the customers. For instance, if the price of the gas (BP gas) can be fixed at the price of $9,000 instead of an average of $8,000, it can be influential for the customers. This process can be stated as the negotiation process and the impact is positive in nature. The main criteria regarding the positive negotiation process is based on the effects of relationship and the outcome of the process. An effective negotiation process helps to achieve the objectives of the debates in an amicable way. If the process of negotiation ends up with good relationship between the parties, the influence can be treated as positive (Ruwhiu et al., 2016). In a negotiation process, if the parties reflect positive mentality and make correct alliances, the dispute can be resolved quickly. It is important to promote creativity regarding resolving process and generate amicable solution to retain the positive influence in the process. Negative influence of negotiation: Through the process of negotiation, disputes between the parties are attempted to be resolved. It is required that the parties disclose all the original facts regarding their proposals and problems. However, if any of the conflicting parties delivered wrong facts or tamper any document during the process, the influence of the process will be negative in nature (Ting?Toomey, 2015). The process is based on the amicable cooperation of the parties and a reciprocal respect is needed to be shown off. It is not required that the parties are disregarding the wants of others and making bad relationship between them. This can be treated as the negative influence of the process. Negative influence can also affects the interest of the company regarding all future contracts and relationship with the customers (Korobkin, 2014). It should be remembered that negotiation intends to resolve the dispute in amicable way. Therefore, if one of the parties gets much demonstration, the base of the process will be weakening. This may cause volatile situation and negatively influenced the process. A negotiation process has certain positive and negative impacts that depend upon the skills and tactics adopted in certain cases. Therefore, it can be stated that effective negotiated steps should be taken into consideration and apply on cases. If any deceptive methods are being adopted regarding the process to come into a conclusion, it may harm the interest of the party (Neuliep Johnson, 2016). The nature of the conclusion can be detrimental if other party tampers the goals and objective of the negotiation process. The role of the negotiator decides the merits of the case and if they have displayed any partiality regarding the decision, the whole process will lose its morality. It is sometimes important to be articulate and values must be built regarding the negotiation subject. Therefore, necessary strategies are important. The base of the process should be ethical in nature and the negotiator should not exaggerate any facts. The principle of fairness should be adopted so that a mutual benefit can be generated. An effective negotiation process is depending on the wide knowledge of the negotiator and interpersonal skills are necessary. Interpersonal skills denote verbal communication and good speaking power. It helps to reduce the scope of misunderstanding (Zartman, 2015). Responses regarding positive influence: It should be the objectives of the parties to come into a fruitful solution in an amicable way. Therefore, the process of negotiation should be based on the positive requirements. It should be the duty of the parties to take reasonable care of the others so that the interest of the other party could not be harmed. The main objective of negotiation should be come into an amicable solution by maintaining an effective relationship between them. There shall not be any win or lose tactics. In case of the company affairs, the process should be positively influenced (Stevens et al., 2016). In case of an effective negotiation process, it is necessary to chalk out certain plan to ease the process. Planning can be divided into two parts- planning stage and meeting. The conflicts regarding the decisions within a company can be affected the interest of the company and therefore, the dispute should be tackled with effective negotiation process. Planning stage is the primary stage of negotiation and it is required to take effective policies in this stage. Each party is required to know about the venue of the negotiating process. Each party should present their requirements in a more acceptable way and should have the knowledge regarding the need of the other side (Menkel-Meadow Schneider, 2014). Meeting is the most important stage in the negotiation process. A poor planning can affect the interest of the parties. It is important to research on the topic and should have the reciprocal knowledge about the objective of the topic. Proper planning must be made regarding the information provided to the parties. Assessment regarding the concession or compromise matter is required to chalk out and knowledge regarding the nonmonetary value is necessary (Chapman et al., 2017). Tactics beneficial for the company should be adopted and a meeting agenda should be planned to specify the time limits for each participator. Plans should be adopted in case of failure of negotiation process. There are certain processes that are helpful to undertake the negotiation process. The steps can be categorised as planning, primary rules, clarification and justification, problem solving and implementation. Planning is the first step of negotiation process. The effectiveness of negotiation is depending on the planning. The next step is the primary rules that include the venue, duration, limitations and agreement matters. Once the rules have been prescribed, it is important to narrate the objects of the parties in brief. Opportunities should be provided to each party so that they can explain and justify their statement. The problem should be resolved with analytical approaches and cooperation of each party is necessary (Clenney, Maurer Miles, 2013). The last step regarding the negotiation is the implementation. It is a crucial point as the effectiveness of the negotiation and the relationship of the parties are depending on the valuable decision of the negotiator. It is therefore i mportant to disclose all the relevant documents for the proper implementation and the process should be based on the principle of fairness. Proper listening during the negotiation is an important thing. The practical form of the listening process is taking important notes regarding the decisions. Notes should be taken regarding the decision of both the parties. It is required to write down all the perspective of the decision as a representative of the company. Notes depict the experiences in a writing form (Aykac et al., 2017). Include the notes with assignment: Notes are the reflection of the practical experiences of a negotiation process. The mentality of the negotiator, the analytical power of the presiding officer, disclosing documents, steps of the negotiating process is included in these notes. Therefore, the notes are important to understand the applicability of the negotiation process in a better way and included with this assignment (Gadke, Tobin Schneider, 2016). Key skills Proper tactics Ethical views should be taken. There should be any partiality take place. The base of the process should have to depend on the principle of fairness. The base of the tactics should have certain moral base. The negotiator must be skilful and should obtain wide knowledge regarding the negotiation process. The tactics should be clear and direct in nature. There must be certain strong belief regarding the objective of the process. Interpersonal skills are necessary. It depends on the effective verbal communication and speaking capacity. Tactics should be taken to avoid the temperament of the relevant documents. Considering various negotiation methods, it has been observed that many processes and the strategies have certain loopholes. Many tactics are deceptive and manipulative in nature. Therefore, it is important to select an appropriate strategy. It is required to adopt a strategy based on the ethical principles, as the objectives of the negotiation process are to resolve a dispute amicably (Stefanidis, Banai Richter, 2013). Therefore, cooperation of the parties is necessary. Among many approaches, the applicability of the non-mathematical approach is quite applicable and acceptable regarding resolving a dispute. The objective of the negotiation process can better be established through this approach as it intends to resolve a problem by way of amicable cooperation and there is no concept of win-lose thing. Recommendation: The base of the negotiation process should be depended on the principle of fairness. The outcome of the same is depending on relation between the parties and result or the decision. If it is possible to get an acceptable way regarding the dispute and impartial solution, it could be regarded as the good or positive point of the negotiation process (Bala, Vij Mukhopadhyay, 2015). If any wrong step has been taken to resolve the company related dispute, it should be avoided in the next time to maintain the objectivity of the process. Attempt should be taken for the establishment of justice and deceptive methods are to be avoided. The main duty of the representative of the company is to represent the company in all matters and they are taking important role in the negotiation process. Therefore, the effectiveness of the process is much depended on the performance of the acts of the representatives (Korobkin, 2014). It is, therefore recommended that they should not take part in any deceptive process and they should maintain the principle of fairness at all the possible level. Reference: Aykac, T., Aykac, T., Wilken, R., Wilken, R., Jacob, F., Jacob, F., ... Prime, N. (2017). Why teams achieve higher negotiation profits than individuals: The mediating role of deceptive tactics.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,32(4), 567-579. Bala, M. I., Vij, S., Mukhopadhyay, D. (2015). Automated negotiation with behaviour prediction.International Journal of Internet Protocol Technology,9(1), 44-50. Chapman, E., Chapman, E., Miles, E. W., Miles, E. W., Maurer, T., Maurer, T. (2017). A proposed model for effective negotiation skill development.Journal of Management Development,36(7), 940-958. Clenney, E. F., Maurer, T. J., Miles, E. W. (2013, January). Becoming a Negotiator: A Proposed Negotiation Skill Development Complexity Model. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 11509). Academy of Management. Fleck, D., Volkema, R. J., Pereira, S. (2016). Dancing on the slippery slope: The effects of appropriate versus inappropriate competitive tactics on negotiation process and outcome.Group Decision and Negotiation,25(5), 873-899. Gadke, D. L., Tobin, R. M., Schneider, W. J. (2016). Agreeableness, Conflict Resolution Tactics, and School Behavior in Second Graders.Journal of Individual Differences. Hopmann, P. T. (2014). 2 The verification debate and its effects on the negotiation process.Banning the Bang or the Bomb?: Negotiating the Nuclear Test Ban Regime, 32. Korobkin, R. (2014).Negotiation: Theory and strategy. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Menkel-Meadow, C. J., Schneider, A. K. (2014).Negotiation: Processes for Problem Solving. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Neuliep, J. W., Johnson, M. (2016). A cross-cultural comparison of Ecuadorian and United States face, facework, and conflict styles during interpersonal conflict: An application of face-negotiation theory.Journal of International and Intercultural Communication,9(1), 1-19. Ruwhiu, D., Ruwhiu, D., Carter, L., Carter, L. (2016). Negotiating meaningful participation for Indigenous peoples in the context of mining.Corporate Governance,16(4), 641-654. Stefanidis, A., Banai, M., Richter, U. H. (2013). Employee attitudes toward questionable negotiation tactics: Empirical evidence from Peru.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(4), 826-852. Stevens, C. A., de Weerd, H., Cnossen, F., Taatgen, N. A. (2016). A metacognitive agent for training negotiation skills. InProceedings of the 14th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (ICCM 2016). Swann Jr, W. B., Bosson, J. K. (2016). IDENTITY NEGOTIATION IN SOCIAL INTERACTION.Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Expectancies, 96. Ting?Toomey, S. (2015). Identity negotiation theory.The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication. Zartman, I. W. (2015). Negotiation Theory and the Intifadat.International Negotiation,20(1), 109-128.

Lady Philosophy Evil Is Nothing Essays - Philosophy Of Religion

Lady Philosophy Evil Is Nothing ?Evil is Nothing? Her argument of Evil is Nothing is very simple. She begins by speaking with Boethius and getting at the definition of what is good and how that is related to God. She starts out by stating that they agree on the fact of God. Then they come to the agreement that God is the good itself. They then state that there is nothing that can go against God and still have power because God is all-powerful and all good. Lady Philosophy then says, ?No one could doubt that God is omnipotent,? and Boethius responds by saying no one in their right mind could deny it. And she says that God can also do evil, which Boethius immediately states ?No.? After that remark she goes on to make her argument by stating that evil must be nothing because God can do anything but God can not do evil so therefore there is no such thing as evil. In this discussion, Lady Philosophy states that because God can do anything and that God cannot do evil then evil is nothing. Her statement is sound if you believe the statements that they both agreed on. First they said yes there is a God and yes God is good. They then agree on their good God being omnipotent, meaning that their God can do anything. Lady Philosophy then brings up her big argument. She says that God can do anything in the world that he wants to, anything at all, and that he is good. But she also says that God can do evil. This is usually a perspective that humans in general do not look at. We see God as being the good of the world and something to look up to. Her idea of God doing evil is rejected by Boetheius. This meaning that if he believes in evil then he cannot believe in a God that is all-powerful and cannot do good. Therefore Boethius contradicts himself, and Lady Philosophy is found to be correct. However, I agree with this idea and that her statement is sound. However, unlike Boethius I don't believe that God cannot do evil. If God is all powerful then of course he can do evil, rather he chooses not to, and because of this God is represented as only allowed to do good. But how can anything that is as powerful as that not be able to do something horrible. Another idea that can change her idea on evil is nothing is what exactly is good and what is evil. For the most part we all agree on a common idea of good and evil just from the words. Some people however can see a death and say that it was good. They can see people being hurt and put in pain and consider it good. The opposite is also true. Some people can see something good like a holiday and consider it evil. Although the argument of the definitions of good and evil does affect the outcome of her statement, it does seem to be a stretch. The main argument that can be made is if God is all-powerful, if there is a God at all, if God is good, and if God possesses the ability to do evil. Philosophy